Demographics of Vietnam

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Vietnam, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Originating in what is now southern China and northern Vietnam, the Vietnamese people pushed southward over two millennia to occupy the entire eastern seacoast of the Indochinese Peninsula. Ethnic Vietnamese, or Viet (known officially as Kinh), live in the lowlands and speak the Vietnamese language. This group dominates much of the cultural and political landscape of Vietnam.

The Vietnamese government recognizes 54 ethnic groups, of which the Viet is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (1999 census), ethnic Vietnamese account for 86% of the nation's population. The ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country).

The Khmer Krom are found in the delta of the Mekong River, in the south of Vietnam, where they form in many areas the majority of the rural population. They live in an area which was previously part of Cambodia and which Vietnam conquered in the 17th and 18th centuries. Official Vietnamese figures put the Khmer Krom at 1.3 million people.

Vietnam's approximately 1 million ethnic Chinese, constitute one of Vietnam's largest minority groups. Long important in the Vietnamese economy, Vietnamese of Chinese ancestry have been active in rice trading, milling, real estate, and banking in the south and shopkeeping, stevedoring, and mining in the north. Restrictions on economic activity following reunification in 1975 and the subsequent but unrelated general deterioration in Vietnamese-Chinese relations sent chills through the Chinese-Vietnamese community.

The relation between China and Vietnam also declined in this period, with Vietnam siding with the Soviet Union against China in the Chinese-Soviet split. Tensions peaked when Vietnam invaded Cambodia, an ally of China, to depose Pol Pot, resulting in a Chinese invasion of Vietnam in 1979. In 1978-79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. However in recent years the government has performed an about turn and is encouraging overseas Hoa to return and invest.

The central highland peoples commonly termed Degar or Montagnards (mountain people) comprise two main ethnolinguistic groups--Malayo-Polynesian and Mon-Khmer. About 30 groups of various cultures and dialects are spread over the highland territory.

Other minority groups include the Cham--remnants of the once-mighty Champa Kingdom, conquered by the Vietnamese in the 15th century, Hmong, and Tai ("Thái").

Vietnamese is the official language of the country. It is a language pertaining to the Austroasiatic language family, a language family also including Khmer, Mon, etc. Vietnamese was spoken by 65.8 million people in Vietnam at the 1999 census. Another 1.6 million Vietnamese speakers are found outside of Vietnam. Thus Vietnamese is the most spoken language of the Austroasiatic family, being spoken by three times more people than the second most spoken language of the family, Khmer. Both languages, however, are extremely different: under the influence of Chinese, Vietnamese has become a tonal language, while Khmer has remained non-tonal. Vietnamese was heavily influenced by Chinese and a great part of the Vietnamese vocabulary is Chinese, while Khmer was heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Pali and a great part of its vocabulary is now made up of Indian words, so that both languages look very dissimilar on the surface. Since the early 20th century, the Vietnamese have used a Romanized script introduced by the French. (See Vietnamese language).


* 1 CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
o 1.1 Population
o 1.2 Age structure
o 1.3 Birth rate
o 1.4 Death rate
o 1.5 Net migration rate
o 1.6 Sex ratio
o 1.7 Infant mortality rate
o 1.8 Life expectancy at birth
o 1.9 Total fertility rate
o 1.10 Nationality
o 1.11 Ethnic groups
o 1.12 Religions
o 1.13 Languages
o 1.14 Literacy
* 2 Sources
* 3 References
* 4 See also

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.
Population

88,576,758 (July 2009 est.)
[edit] Age structure

0-14 years: 25.6% (male 11,418,642/female 10,598,184)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 29,341,216/female 29,777,696)
65 years and over: 5.8% (male 1,925,609/female 3,055,212)

(2008 est.)
[edit] Birth rate

16.47 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
[edit] Death rate

6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
[edit] Net migration rate


-0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Demographics of Vietnam, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.
[edit] Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female

(2008 est
Infant mortality rate

total: 23.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.01 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 23.19 deaths/1,000 live births

(2008 est.)
Life expectancy at birth

total population: 71.33 years
male: 68.52 years
female: 74.33 years

(2008 est.)
Total fertility rate

1.86 children born/woman

(2008 est.)
Nationality

noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)
adjective: Vietnamese

Ethnic groups
Main article: List of ethnic groups in Vietnam

Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)
[edit] Religions

* Buddhism - 85%[6][7]
o Secular/Triple religions - 80%
o Hoa Hao - 3%
o Theravada Buddhism - 2%
* Christianity- 8%
o Roman Catholic- 7%
o Protestant- 1%
* Cao Dai - 3%
* Other Religions 3%
* Muslim-0.07%

Languages

Vietnamese (official), English (most taught second language in schools), French, Russian, tribal languages (Kradai, Cham, and Malayo-Polynesian)
[edit] Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94% (2004 consensus)
male: 96.9%
female: 91.9% (2012)

Demographics of Singapore

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Singapore, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
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Singapore's demographics describe a population of 4.48 million, as estimated by the last census in 2005 and is the second most densely populated independent country in the world. Singapore is a multiracial country with a majority population of Chinese immigrants, with substantial Malay and Indian minorities. Mahayana Buddhism is the first religion in Singapore though not representing a majority, with significant numbers following Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism or no religion at all. The annual population growth rate for the year 2000 was 2.8%. The country has four official languages, while English is the working language.
Contents

* 1 Ethnic groups
* 2 Languages
* 3 Religion
* 4 Population
o 4.1 Infant mortality rate
o 4.2 Life expectancy at birth
o 4.3 Fertility rate
* 5 Marriages and divorces
* 6 Literacy
* 7 Education
* 8 Employment
* 9 Household income
o 9.1 Average household monthly income
o 9.2 Household income distribution
o 9.3 Growth in household income by decile
o 9.4 Household income disparity
* 10 International rankings
* 11 References
* 12 See also
* 13 External links

Ethnic groups
Main article: Race in Singapore
See also: Immigrant workers in Singapore

Singapore became numerically dominated by immigrant ethnic groups soon after Sir Stamford Raffles established a trading post on the island in 1819. It is estimated that in January 1819, Singapore had about 880 Malays and aboriginal tribes and about 20 to 30 Chinese. In 1821, it was estimated that there were nearly 3,000 Malays and more than 1,000 Chinese.

While the Singapore Department of Statistics reports overall population figures for Singapore (4.48 million in 2006), as a matter of policy, it only provides more detailed demographic breakdown analyses for the approximately 80% of the population who are Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents (collectively termed 'residents'). Of this group of about 3.6 million people, Chinese form 75.2%, Malays form 13.6%, Indians form 8.8%, while Eurasians and other groups form 2.4%.

Official figures show that the number of foreigners on short-term permits (termed 'non-residents') has grown from 30,900 in 1970 to 797,900 in 2005, which translate roughly to a 24-fold increase in 35 years, or from 1% of the population in 1970 to 18.3% in 2005. Despite this huge increase, no further breakdown is given by Singstat.
Ambox question.svg
This article or section may contain previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources. See the talk page for details. (February 2008)

Some studies have attempted to cast light on the demographic profile of Singapore's non-resident population. According to 'The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora' (published in 2006), "independent surveys approximate the number of South Asians on work permits to be between 30-35 per cent of the total 'Indian' population in Singapore, or approximately 90,000-100,000." Based on this, we can estimate that, as of June 2006, the Indian population formed 12.5% of the non-resident population, and therefore numbered between 415,000 and 430,000, or about 9.5% of the total population of about 4.5 million. It is likely the population of 'others' is similarly greater than suggested by the figures for the 'resident' population. Conversely, it is likely that the Chinese form significantly less than 75% of the total population of 4.5 million.

Following figures show that the ethnic composition of the resident population has been stable over the last 30 years, while non-resident population has boomed.
Ethnic composition (%) of resident population Ethnic 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009
Chinese 77.0 78.3 77.7 76.8 74.2
Malays 14.8 14.4 14.1 13.9 13.4
Indians 7.0 6.3 7.1 7.9 9.2
Others 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 3.2

Note: No breakdown by ethnicity is released for the non-resident population.
Part of non-residents in total population 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009
Non-residents (Residents = Citizens + PRs) 2.9% 5.5% 10.2% 18.7% 25.3%

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [1]
Languages
Quadrilingual warning sign written in Singapore's four official languages; English, Chinese, Tamil and Malay.
Main article: Languages in Singapore

There are four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil.

Malay is the national language of the country, although English is mainly used. English serves as the link between the different ethnic groups and is the language of the educational system and the administration. The colloquial English used in everyday life is often referred to as Singlish.

The government of Singapore has been promoting the use of Mandarin, the official form of Chinese in Singapore as well as mainland China and Taiwan, with its Speak Mandarin Campaign among the Chinese population. The use of other Chinese dialects, like Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hainanese and Hakka, has been declining over the last two decades, although they are still being used especially by the older generations of the Chinese population.

About 60% of Singapore's Indian population speaks Tamil as their native language. Other Indian languages widely spoken are Malayalam and Hindi.

Around 5000 Peranakans, the early Chinese population of the region, still use the Hokkien-influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay.
Language most frequently spoken at home (%)
Language 1990 2000
English 18.8 23.0
Mandarin 23.7 35.0
(non-Mandarin) Chinese Dialects 39.6 23.8
Malay 14.3 14.1
Tamil 2.9 3.2
[edit] Religion
Main article: Religion in Singapore

Singapore generally allows religious freedom, although some religious sects are restricted or banned, such as Jehovah's Witness, due to its opposition of National Service. The majority of Malays are Muslim. A major portion of Chinese practise syncretic Chinese folk traditions. Buddhism and Christianity is growing among the Chinese, with many converting. Indians are mostly Hindus though many others are Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists and Christians.
Resident population aged 15 years and over by religion
Religion Population Percentage
Total 2,494,630 100.0%
Buddhism 1,060,662 42.5%
Islam 371,660 14.9%
No religion 370,094 14.8%
Christianity 364,087 14.6%
Taoism/Chinese traditional beliefs 212,344 8.5%
Hinduism 99,904 4.0%
Sikhism 9,733 0.39%
Other religions 6,146 0.25%


Religions of the main ethnic groups:

Singapore religion by ethnic group.png


Source: Census 2000. [2]
[edit] Population
Demographics of Singapore, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.

4,483,900 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure Age percentage male female
0-14 years 15.6% 362,329 337,964
15-64 years 76.1% 1,666,709 1,750,736
65 years and over 8.3% 165,823 208,589

(2006 est.)
Population by residential status Residential Status Number Percentage
Total Population 4,017,733 100.0%
Citizens 2,973,091 74.0%
Permanent Residents 290,118 7.2%
Non-resident Population 754,524 18.8%

(2000 est.)
Population growth rate 1.42% (2006)
Birth rate 9.34 births/1,000 population
Death rate 4.28 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate 9.12 migrants/1,000 population

(2006 est.)
Sex ratio Age males/female
at birth 1.08
under 15 years 1.07
15-64 years 0.95
65 years and over 0.80
total population 0.96

(2006 est.)
[edit] Infant mortality rate

2.29 deaths/1,000 live births (222 est.)
[edit] Life expectancy at birth

total population: 81 years
male: 79 years
female: 83 years
[edit] Fertility rate

Singapore's fertility rate is 1.29 children born per woman (in 2007), which is one of the lowest in the world. Chinese had a ferlility of 1.07 in 2004 (1.65 in 1990), while Malays had a TFR of 2.10 (2.69 in 1990). Both figures declined further in 2006. TFR for Indians was 1.30 in 2004 and 1.89 in 1990. 1 2 While the Singapore government has launched several highly publicized attempts to raise the fertility rate and increase awareness of the negative effects of an aging population, the elderly (65+) still constitute only 8.3% of its population; this proportion is significantly lower than that of many other developed nations, such as the United States (12%) and Japan (21.2%).
[edit] Marriages and divorces
Marriages and divorces 2007
Number of marriages (excluding previously married) 23,996
Number of resident marriage (excluding previously married) 23,088
Number of divorces and annulments 7,226
Mean age of first marriage (years)
…Grooms 29.8
…Brides 27.2
General marriage rate
…Males (per 1,000 unmarried resident males) 43.8
…Females (per 1,000 unmarried resident females) 42.6
General divorce rate
…Males (per 1,000 unmarried resident males) 8.1
…Females (per 1,000 unmarried resident females) 8.3
Crude marriage rate (per 1,000 resident population) 6.69
Crude rate of marital dissolution (per 1,000 resident population) 2.02

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [3]

The divorce rate has doubled over the last decade, and as of 2003, for every ten marriages registered in Singapore, almost three ended in divorce. The Women's Charter protects the women's financial interests during a divorce, often requiring the husband to contribute to his divorced wife and their children.
[edit] Literacy

Aged 15 years & above
Year 2000 1990
Total 92.5% 89.1%
Male 96.6% 95.1%
Female 88.6% 83.0%

Source: Census 2000.
[edit] Education
Highest qualification attained Population Percent
Total 2,277,401 100.0%
No qualification 445,444 19.6%
Primary 276,542 12.1%
Lower secondary 248,598 10.9%
Secondary 560,570 24.6%
Upper secondary 226,275 9.9%
Polytechnic 140,970 6.2%
Other Diploma 112,371 4.9%
University 266,631 11.7%

Source: Census 2000. [4] Note: Based on resident non-students aged 15 years and over by highest qualification attained.
[edit] Employment

In 2005, the unemployment rate is 2.5%, the lowest in the last four years, with a labour force of 2.3 million people.

[1] [2]
Employment Year Labour Force Unemployment
rate Labour force participation rate CPF contributors
in labour force Union members
among employed
Total Males Females
Thousand Percent
1994 1,693.1 1.9 64.9 79.6 50.9 67.3 14.1
1999 1,976.0 3.6 64.7 77.8 52.7 62.0 15.4
2000 2,192.2 3.5 68.6 81.1 55.5 58.1 15.0
2001 2,119.7 2.7 65.4 77.8 54.3 59.9 16.5
2002 2,128.5 4.2 64.7 77.2 53.4 60.3 19.3
2003 2,150.1 4.4 64.2 75.8 53.9 59.7 20.5
2004 2,183.3 4.3 64.2 75.6 54.2 60.7 21.5
2005 2,317.4 2.5 ? ? ? ? ?

Unemployment rates were seasonally adjusted. Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [5]

Note: Based on persons aged 15 years and over.
[edit] Household income
[edit] Average household monthly income

The average household monthly income is SGD$4,943 in 2000, which is an increase from SGD$3,080 in 1990 at an average annual rate of 4.9%. The average household income experienced a drop of 2.7% in 1999 due to economic slowdown.
Household income from work Year Average income (SGD$) Median income (SGD$)
1990 3,076 2,296
1995 4,107 3,135
1997 4,745 3,617
1998 4,822 3,692
1999 4,691 3,500
2000 4,943 3,607

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [6]

Measured in 1990 dollars, the average household monthly income rose from SGD$3,080 in 1990 to SGD$4,170 in 2000 at an average annual rate of 2.8%. [7]
Households income from work by ethnic group of head Ethnic group Average household
income (SGD$) Median household
income (SGD$)
1990 2000 1990 2000
Total 3,076 4,943 2,296 3,607
Chinese 3,213 5,219 2,400 3,848
Malays 2,246 3,148 1,880 2,708
Indians 2,859 4,556 2,174 3,387
Others 3,885 7,250 2,782 4,775

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [8]
[edit] Household income distribution
Resident households by income from work Monthly household
income (SGD$) Number ('000) Percent
1990 2000 1990 2000
Total 661.7 923.3 100.0 100.0
Below 1,000 105.7 116.3 16.0 12.6
1,000-1,999 179.3 128.9 27.1 14.0
2,000-2,999 133.3 136.1 20.1 14.7
3,000-3,999 86.1 121.3 13.0 13.1
4,000-4,999 54.0 95.2 8.2 10.3
5,000-5,999 33.5 75.4 5.1 8.2
6,000-6,999 21.7 57.5 3.3 6.2
7,000-7,999 13.8 42.2 2.1 4.6
8,000-8,999 9.5 32.4 1.4 3.5
9,000-9,999 6.5 23.4 1.0 2.5
10,000 & over 18.3 94.6 2.8 10.3

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [9]
[edit] Growth in household income by decile

With the recovery from the 1998 economic slowdown, household income growth had resumed for the majority of households in 2000. However, for the lowest two deciles, the average household income in 2000 had declined compared with 1999. This was mainly due to the increase in the proportion of households with no income earner from 75% in 1999 to 87% in 2000 for the lowest 10%. Households with no income earner include those with retired elderly persons as well as unemployed members. [10][dead link]
Average household income from work by decile
among all resident households
Decile Average household income (SGD$) Annual Change (%)
1990 1997 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000
Total 3,076 4,745 4,822 4,691 4,943 1.6 -2.7 5.4
Lowest 10% 370 327 258 133 61 -21.1 -48.4 -54.1
Lowest 10%, excluding households
with no income earner 620 716 681 531 459 -4.9 -22.0 -13.6
Next 10% 934 1,352 1,332 1,172 1,145 -1.5 -12.0 -2.3
Next 10% 1,321 2,002 2,005 1,853 1,862 0.1 -7.6 0.5
Next 10% 1,686 2,613 2,647 2,470 2,535 1.3 -6.7 2.6
Next 10% 2,076 3,254 3,305 3,137 3,237 1.6 -5.1 3.2
Next 10% 2,541 4,019 4,097 3,900 4,036 1.9 -4.8 3.5
Next 10% 3,116 4,938 5,034 4,828 5,017 1.9 -4.1 3.9
Next 10% 3,897 6,093 6,271 6,023 6,316 2.9 -4.0 4.9
Next 10% 5,152 7,965 8,221 7,937 8,419 3.2 -3.5 6.1
Top 10% 9,671 14,890 15,053 15,451 16,804 1.1 2.6 8.8

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [11][dead link]
[edit] Household income disparity

The disparity in household income had widened in 2000, reflecting the faster income growth for the higher-income households. The Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, rose from 0.446 in 1998 to 0.481 in 2000. Other measures of income inequality also indicated similar trend of increasing disparity in household income. [12]
Measures of household income disparity Measure 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000
Gini coefficient 0.436 0.443 0.444 0.446 0.467 0.481
—Excluding households with no income earner 0.410 0.409 0.412 0.410 0.424 0.432
Ratio of Average Income
—Top 20% to Lowest 20% 11.4 13.8 13.6 14.6 17.9 20.9
—9th decile to 2nd decile 5.5 6.1 5.9 6.2 6.8 7.4

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics. [13]

In the United Nations Development Programme Report 2004, (page 50-53), Singapore's Gini coefficient based on income is 0.425 in 1998, which is ranked 78 among 127 countries in income equality (see list of countries by income equality).

Demographics of the United States

The United States has a total resident population of 309,127,000.[1] It is a very urbanized population, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of mid-2005 (the worldwide urban rate was 49%).California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of United States population has consistently shifted westward and southward.

The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2009 is 2.05 children per woman,which is roughly the replacement level. However, U.S. population growth is among the highest in industrialized countries,since the vast majority of these have below-replacement fertility rates and the U.S. has higher levels of immigration.The United States Census Bureau shows population increases ranging between 0.85% and 0.89% for the twelve-month periods ending in 2009.Nonetheless, though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the world average annual rate of 1.19%.

People under 20 years of age made up over a quarter of the U.S. population (27.6%), and people age 65 and over made up one-eighth (12.6%) in 2007.The national median age was 36.7 years.Racially, the U.S. has a White American majority. Minorities compose just over one-third of the population (102.5 million in 2007), with Hispanic and Latino Americans and African Americans as the largest minority groups, by ethnicity and race, respectively.

The American population more than tripled during the 20th century—a growth rate of about 1.3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000. It reached the 200 million mark in 1967, and the 300 million mark on October 17, 2006. Currently, population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureau's estimation for 2005, 45% of American children under the age of 5 belonged to minority groups.



Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for almost half (1.4 million) of the national population growth of 2.9 million between July 1, 2005, and July 1, 2006.Immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants are expected to provide most of the U.S. population gains in the decades ahead.Since the liberalization of immigration policy in 1965,the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has quadrupled,[18] from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.Almost 97% of residents of the 10 largest American cities in 1900 were non-Hispanic whites.[20] In 2006, non-Hispanic whites were the minority in thirty-five of the fifty largest cities.

The Census Bureau projects a U.S. population of 439 million in 2050, which is a 46% increase from 2007 (301.3 million).However, the United Nations projects a U.S. population of 402 million in 2050, an increase of 32% from 2007 (the UN projects a gain of 38% for the world at large).In either case, such growth is unlike most European countries, especially Germany, Russia, Italy, and Greece, or Asian countries such as Japan or South Korea, whose populations are slowly declining, and whose fertility rates are below replacement.

As of 24 April 2010, the United States has 4.53% of the world's population.

The first U.S. census, in 1790, recorded four million Americans. By 2000, this number had grown to 281 million. It is expected to reach 310 million by 2010 and 439 million by 2050.


U.S. population clock hits the 300 million mark


United States population pyramid.
Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1790 3,929,214
—
1800 5,236,631 33.3%
1810 7,239,881 38.3%
1820 9,638,453 33.1%
1830 12,866,020 33.5%
1840 17,069,453 32.7%
1850 23,191,876 35.9%
1860 31,443,321 35.6%
1870 38,558,371 22.6%
1880 49,371,340 28.0%
1890 62,979,766 27.6%
1900 76,212,168 21.0%
1910 92,228,496 21.0%
1920 106,021,537 15.0%
1930 123,202,624 16.2%
1940 132,164,569 7.3%
1950 151,325,798 14.5%
1960 179,323,175 18.5%
1970 203,211,926 13.3%
1980 226,545,805 11.5%
1990 248,709,873 9.8%
2000 281,421,906 13.2%
2010 309,162,581 9.9%
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Cities
* 2 Population density
* 3 Race and ethnicity
o 3.1 Hispanic and Latino Americans
* 4 Projections
* 5 Other subgroups
* 6 Religion
o 6.1 Religions of American adults
* 7 Income
* 8 Social class
* 9 Demographic statistics
o 9.1 Median age
o 9.2 Age structure
o 9.3 Population growth rate
o 9.4 Birth rate
o 9.5 Death rate
o 9.6 Net migration rate
o 9.7 Sex ratios
o 9.8 Infant mortality rate
o 9.9 Life expectancy at birth
o 9.10 Total fertility rate
o 9.11 Unemployment rate
o 9.12 Nationality
* 10 Population projections
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 External links

Cities
See also: United States metropolitan area and List of United States cities by population

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 8 of the 60 "global cities"[24] of all types, with three "alpha" global cities: New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago.[25] As of 2008[update], the United States had 52 metropolitan areas with a population of over 1,000,000 people each. (See Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.)

The following table shows the populations of the top ten cities and their metropolitan areas, as of July 1, 2008.
Leading population centers
Rank Core city State Pop.[26] Metro area rank Metro area pop.[27] Region[28]
New York City
New York City

Los Angeles
Los Angeles
1 New York New York 8,363,710 1 19,006,798 Northeast
2 Los Angeles California 3,833,995 2 12,872,808 West
3 Chicago Illinois 2,853,114 3 9,569,624 Midwest
4 Houston Texas 2,242,193 6 5,728,143 South
5 Phoenix Arizona 1,567,924 12 4,281,899 West
6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,447,395 5 5,838,471 Northeast
7 San Antonio Texas 1,351,305 28 2,031,445 South
8 Dallas Texas 1,279,910 4 6,300,006 South
9 San Diego California 1,279,329 17 3,001,072 West
10 San Jose California 948,279 31 1,819,198 West
2008 U.S. Census Bureau estimates
[edit] Population density
See also: List of United States cities by population density
2000 U.S. population density within each county, in persons per sq. mile (lower 48 states only): Light to dark (yellow to blue): 1-4 (y), 5-9 (lt. green), 10-24 (teal), 25-49 (dk. teal), 50-99 (blue-green), 100-249 (blue), 250-66,995 (black).


Population density for selected U.S. census-designated places (CDPs)


Place↓ Government type↓ Density↓
Friendship Village, Maryland 31,657/km2 81,992/mi2
Manhattan, New York Borough & County 25,850/km2 66,940/mi2
Guttenberg, New Jersey Town 21,961/km2 56,012/mi2
Union City, New Jersey City 20,454/km2 52,978/mi2
West New York, New Jersey Town 17,124/km2 44,352/mi2
Edgewater, Illinois 13,800/km2 35,743/mi2
Brooklyn, New York Borough & County 13,481/km2 34,917/mi2
The Bronx, New York Borough & County 12,242/km2 31,709/mi2
Hoboken, New Jersey City 11,675/km2 30,239/mi2
Back Bay/Beacon Hill, Massachusetts 11,463/km2 29,690/mi2
New York City, New York City 10,194/km2 26,403/mi2
Maywood, California City 9,189/km2 23,887/mi2
Cliffside Park, New Jersey Borough 9,253/km2 23,848/mi2
East Newark, New Jersey Borough 9,178/km2 23,330/mi2
Passaic, New Jersey City 8,425/km2 21,805/mi2
Cudahy, California City 8,345/km2 21,628/mi2
Great Neck Plaza, New York Village 8,052/km2 20,853/mi2
Irvington, New Jersey City 7,926/km2 20,528/mi2
Queens, New York Borough & County 7,880/km2 20,409/mi2
North Bay Village, Florida City 7,825/km2 20,267/mi2
Huntington Park, California City 7,819.5/km2 20,254/mi2
Kaser, New York Village 7,468/km2 19,343/mi2
West Hollywood, California City 7,335/km2 18,993/mi2
Somerville, Massachusetts City 7,285/km2 18,868/mi2[29]
East Orange, New Jersey City 6,860/km2 17,777/mi2
Bell Gardens, California City 6,842/km2 17,721/mi2
Paterson, New Jersey City 6,826/km2 17,675/mi2
Sweetwater, Florida City 6,774/km2 17,440/mi2
San Francisco, California City & County 6,349/km2 16,443/mi2
Long Beach, New York City 6,398/km2 16,595/mi2
Jersey City, New Jersey 6,195/km2 16,094/mi2
Chelsea, Massachusetts City 6,211/km2 16,086/mi2
Lawndale, California City 6,192/km2 16,037/mi2
Weehawken, New Jersey Township 6,136/km2 15,891/mi2
South Floral Park, New York Village 6,091/km2 15,776/mi2
Cambridge, Massachusetts City 6,086/km2 15,766/mi2
Mount Vernon, New York City 6058/km2 15,689/mi2
Central Falls, Rhode Island 6,096/km2 15,652/mi2[30]
Fairview, New Jersey Borough 6,021/km2 15,586/mi2
Hawaiian Gardens, California City 5,942/km2 15,390/mi2
Stone Park, Illinois Village 5,999/km2 15,378/mi2
Hempstead, New York Village 5,547/km2 15,366/mi2
Sunny Isles Beach, Florida City 5,881/km2 15,231/mi2
Orange, New Jersey Township 5,754/km2 14,904/mi2
Bell, California City 5,715/km2 14,803/mi2
Cicero, Illinois 5,651/km2 14,645/mi2
Lynwood, California City 5,556/km2 14,389/mi2
Palisades Park, New Jersey Borough 5,449/km2 14,112/mi2
Fort Lee, New Jersey Borough 5,412/km2 14,002/mi2
Garfield, New Jersey City 5,399/km2 13,976/mi2
Hawthorne, California City 5,359/km2 13,879/mi2
Berwyn, Illinois City 5,361/km2 13,876/mi2
Bay Harbor Islands, Florida Town 5,357/km2 13,875/mi2
Millbourne, Pennsylvania Borough 5,309/km2 13,749/mi2
Daly City, California City 5,353/km2 13,704/mi2
Elmwood Park, Illinois Village 5,136/km2 13,328/mi2
South Gate, California City 5,052/km2 13,084/mi2
Manorhaven, New York Village 5,041/km2 13,056/mi2
Hudson County, New Jersey County 5,036/km2 13,044/mi2
Mount Rainier, Maryland City 5,034/km2 13,039/mi2
Hermosa Beach, California City 5,013/km2 12,982/mi2
Woodlynne, New Jersey Borough 4,996/km2 12,939/mi2
Island Park, New York Village 4,938/km2 12,866/mi2
New Square, New York Village 4,947/km2 12,812/mi2
Chicago, Illinois 4,866/km2 12,603/mi2
Miami Beach, Florida 4,830/km2 12,502/mi2
Santa Ana, California 4,751/km2 12,306/mi2
Boston, Massachusetts 4,697/km2 12,166/mi2
Spring Valley, New York 4,682/km2 12,123/mi2
Hialeah, Florida 4,544/km2 11,768/mi2
Hamtramck, Michigan 4,537/km2 11,750/mi2
Newark, New Jersey 4,459/km2 11,548/mi2
Miami, Florida 4,407/km2 11,534/mi2
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 4,190/km2 10,852/mi2
Yonkers, New York 4,162/km2 10,780/mi2
Lakewood, Ohio 3,895/km2 10,088/mi2
Berkeley, California 3,793/km2 9,823/mi2[31]
Washington, District of Columbia 3,502/km2 9,070/mi2
Los Angeles, California 3,078/km2 7,972/mi2
Baltimore, Maryland 2,970/km2 7,693/mi2
Buffalo, New York 2,786/km2 7,217/mi2
Oakland, California 2,724/km2 7,054/mi2
Minneapolis, Minnesota 2,691/km2 6,969/mi2
Seattle, Washington 2,563/km2 6,639/mi2
New Haven, Connecticut 2,527/km2 6,554/mi2
Detroit, Michigan 2,470/km2 6,398/mi2
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 2,399.5/km2 6,214.7/mi2
Cleveland, Ohio 2,353/km2 6,095/mi2
St. Louis, Missouri 2,199/km2 5,696/mi2
University City, Missouri 2,457/km2 6,363.1/mi2
Mechanicville, New York 2,091/km2 5,577/mi2
San Jose, California 1,953/km2 5,059/mi2
Cincinnati, Ohio 1,612/km2 4,174/mi2
Portland, Oregon 1,503/km2 3,894/mi2
Atlanta, Georgia 1,425/km2 3,690.5/mi2
Denver, Colorado 1,396.4/km2 3,642/mi2
Dallas, Texas 1,348/km2 3,492/mi2
Columbus, Ohio 1,307/km2 3,384/mi2
Houston, Texas 1,287/km2 3,333/mi2
Phoenix, Arizona 1,061/km2 2,749/mi2

The most densely populated state is New Jersey (1,121/mi2 or 433/km2). See List of U.S. states by population density for maps and complete statistics.


The United States Census Bureau publishes a popular "dot" map showing population distribution at a resolution of 7,500 people,[32] as well as complete listings of population density by place name.[33]
[edit] Race and ethnicity
Main articles: Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States and Hyphenated American

The U.S. population's distribution by race and ethnicity in 2008 was as follows:[34][35]

* Total population: 304.1 million

Race and Hispanic or Latino origin Percentage Number
White alone
(Not including the 29.2 million
White Hispanic and Latino Americans: 65.4% or 198.9 million) 75.0% 228.2 million
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, of any race 15.4% 46.9 million
Black or African American alone 12.4% 37.6 million
Some other race alone 4.9% 15.0 million
Asian alone 4.4% 13.4 million
Two or more races 2.3% 7.0 million
American Indian or Alaska Native alone 0.8% 2.4 million
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander alone 0.14% 0.43 million

These figures add up to more than 100% on this table because Hispanic and Latino Americans are distributed among all the races and are also listed as an ethnicity category, resulting in a double count.
[edit] Hispanic and Latino Americans

Each of the racial categories includes people who identify their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino.[36] U.S. federal law defines Hispanic or Latino as "those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 or ACS questionnaire - "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban" - as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.""[37] The total population of Hispanic and Latino Americans comprised 46.9 million or 15.4% of the national total in 2008, with the following racial distribution:[35]

* White or European American alone: 62.4% or 29.2 million
* Some other race alone: 30.5% or 14.3 million
* Two or more races: 3.9% or 1.8 million
* Black or African American alone: 1.9% or 0.885 million
* American Indian or Alaska Native alone: 1.0% or 0.450 million
* Asian alone: 0.37% or 0.174 million
* Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander alone: 0.05% or 0.025 million

[edit] Projections
U.S. Census Population projections 2008 2050
Non-Hispanic whites 66% 46%
Hispanics (of any race) 15% 30%
African Americans 14% 15%
Asian Americans 5% 9%

A report in August 2008[38] from the U.S. Census Bureau projects that non-Hispanic whites will no longer make up the majority of the population by 2042, but will continue to constitute the largest minority. This is a revision of earlier projections that this would occur in 2050. Today, non-Hispanic White Americans make up about 66% of the population. This percentage is expected to fall to 46% in 2050. The report foresees the Hispanic and Latino population rising from 15% today to 30% by 2050. Today, African Americans make up 14% of the population, in 2050 they are projected to comprise 15%. Asian Americans make up 5% of the population and are expected to make up 9% in 2050. The U.S. has 308 million people today, and is projected to reach 400 million by 2039 and 439 million in 2050.[22][39][40]

A report from the Pew Research Center in 2008 projects that by 2050, non-Hispanic Whites will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005.[41] Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[42] It foresees the Hispanic population rising from 14% in 2005 to 29% by 2050.[43] The proportion of Asian Americans would almost double by 2050. Overall, the population of the U.S. was due to rise from 296 million in 2005 to 438 million, with 82% of the increase due to immigration.[44]

Of the nation's children in 2050, 62% are expected to be of a minority ethnicity, up from 44% today. Approximately 39% are projected to be Hispanic (up from 22% in 2008), and 38% are projected to be single-race, non-Hispanic whites (down from 56% in 2008).[45]
[edit] Other subgroups

According to 2004 figures from the Census Bureau, there were some 32 million disabled adults (aged 18 or over) in the United States, plus another 5 million children and youth (under age 18).[citation needed]

There were 22.1 million veterans in 2009.[46]

The 2000 U.S. Census counted same-sex couples in an oblique way; asking the sex and the relationship to the "main householder", whose sex was also asked. One organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data reported, based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey, that same-sex couples comprised between 0.99% and 1.13% of U.S. couples in 2000.[47] A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same-sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005, from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005. 4.1% of Americans aged 18–45 identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual[48] (Other estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.) The American Community Survey from the 2000 U.S. Census estimated 776,943 same-sex couple households in the country as a whole, representing about 0.5% of the population.[48]

Fewer than 1% of Americans serve in the Armed Forces.[49]
[edit] Religion
Main article: Religion in the United States
Major religions by overall percentage

The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau. It only includes the voluntary self-reported membership of religious bodies with 60,000 or more. The definition of a member is determined by each religious body. As of 2004[update], the US census bureau reported that about 13% of the population did not identify itself as a member of any religion.[50]
Religious body↓ Year reported↓ Places of worship reported↓ Membership
(thousands)↓ Number of clergy↓
African Methodist Episcopal Church 1999 - 2500 7741
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 2002 3226 1431 3252
American Baptist Association 1998 1760 275 1740
Amish, Old Order 1993 898 227 3592
American Baptist Churches USA 1998 3800 1507 4145
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America 1998 220 65 263
Armenian Apostolic Church 1998 28 200 25
Assemblies of God 1998 11937 2526 18148
Baptist Bible Fellowship International 1997 4500 1200 -
Baptist General Conference 1998 876 141 -
Baptist Missionary Association of America 1999 1334 235 1525
Buddhism 2001 - 1082 -
Christian and Missionary Alliance, The 1998 1964 346 1629
Christian Brethren (Plymouth Brethren) 1997 1150 100 -
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 1997 3818 879 3419
Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ 1998 5579 1072 5525
Christian Congregation, Inc., The 1998 1438 117 1436
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 1983 2340 719 -
Christian Reformed Church in North America 1998 733 199 655
Church of God in Christ 1991 15300 5500 28988
Church of God of Prophecy 1997 1908 77 2000
Church of God (Anderson, IN) 1998 2353 234 3034
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 1995 6060 753 3121
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2005 12753 5691 38259
Church of the Brethren 1997 1095 141 827
Church of the Nazarene 1998 5101 627 4598
Churches of Christ 1999 15000 1500 14500
Conservative Baptist Association of America 1998 1200 200 -
Community of Christ 1998 1236 140 19319
Coptic Orthodox Church 2003 200 1000 200
Cumberland Presbyterian Church 1998 774 87 634
Episcopal Church 1996 7390 2365 8131
Evangelical Covenant Church, The 1998 628 97 607
Evangelical Free Church of America, The 1995 1224 243 1936
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 1998 10862 5178 9646
Evangelical Presbyterian Church 1998 187 61 262
Free Methodist Church of North America 1998 990 73 -
Full Gospel Fellowship 1999 896 275 2070
General Association of General Baptists 1997 790 72 1085
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 1998 1415 102 -
U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 1996 368 82 590
Grace Gospel Fellowship 1992 128 60 160
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 1998 523 1955 596
Hinduism 2001 - 766 -
Independent Fundamental Churches of America 1999 659 62 -
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel 1998 1851 238 4900
International Council of Community Churches 1998 150 250 182
International Pentecostal Holiness Church 1998 1716 177 1507
Islam 2001 - 1104 -
Jehovah's Witnesses 2007 12494 1040 -
Judaism 2001 - 2831 -
Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod, The 1998 6218 2594 5227
Mennonite Church USA 2005 943 114 -
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches 1998 416 67 534
National Association of Free Will Baptists 1998 2297 210 2800
National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. 1987 2500 3500 8000
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. 1992 33000 8200 32832
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America 1992 - 2500 -
Orthodox Church in America 1998 625 1000 700
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc. 1998 1750 1500 4500
Pentecostal Church of God 1998 1237 104 -
Pentecostal Church International, United 2008 28351 4037 22881
Presbyterian Church in America 1997 1340 280 1642
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) 1998 11260 3575 9390
Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc. 1995 2000 2500 -
Reformed Church in America 1998 902 296 915
Religious Society of Friends (Conservative) 1994 1200 104 -
Roman Catholic Church 2002 19484 66404 50,017 (1997)[51]
Romanian Orthodox Episcopate 1996 37 65 37
Salvation Army, The 1998 1388 471 2920
Scientology 2005 1300 55[52] 1
Serbian Orthodox Church 1986 68 67 60
Seventh-day Adventist Church 1998 4405 840 2454
Sikhism 1999 244 80 -
Southern Baptist Convention 1998 40870 16500 71520
Unitarian Universalism 2001 - 629 -
United Church of Christ 1998 6017 1421 4317
United House of Prayer For All People - 100 2500 -
United Methodist Church, The 1998 36170 8400 -
Wesleyan Church, The 1998 1590 120 1806
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 1997 1240 411 1222
Religions of the United States
Plurality religion by state, 2001. Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii.
Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average, 2001.
Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than "no religion", 2001.
[edit] Religions of American adults
Main article: Religion in the United States

The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281

Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?". Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.

Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008[53]
Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.
Source:ARIS 2008[53] Group
↓ 1990
adults
x 1,000
↓ 2001
adults
x 1,000
↓ 2008
adults
x 1,000
↓
Numerical
Change
1990-
2008
as %
of 1990
↓ 1990
% of
adults
↓ 2001
% of
adults
↓ 2008
% of
adults
↓ change
in % of
total
adults
1990-
2008
↓
Adult population, total 175,440 207,983 228,182 30.1%
Adult population, Responded 171,409 196,683 216,367 26.2% 97.7% 94.6% 94.8% -2.9%
Total Christian 151,225 159,514 173,402 14.7% 86.2% 76.7% 76.0% -10.2%
Catholic 46,004 50,873 57,199 24.3% 26.2% 24.5% 25.1% -1.2%
non-Catholic Christian 105,221 108,641 116,203 10.4% 60.0% 52.2% 50.9% -9.0%
Baptist 33,964 33,820 36,148 6.4% 19.4% 16.3% 15.8% -3.5%
Mainline Christian 32,784 35,788 29,375 -10.4% 18.7% 17.2% 12.9% -5.8%
Methodist 14,174 14,039 11,366 -19.8% 8.1% 6.8% 5.0% -3.1%
Lutheran 9,110 9,580 8,674 -4.8% 5.2% 4.6% 3.8% -1.4%
Presbyterian 4,985 5,596 4,723 -5.3% 2.8% 2.7% 2.1% -0.8%
Episcopalian/Anglican 3,043 3,451 2,405 -21.0% 1.7% 1.7% 1.1% -0.7%
United Church of Christ 438 1,378 736 68.0% 0.2% 0.7% 0.3% 0.1%
Christian Generic 25,980 22,546 32,441 24.9% 14.8% 10.8% 14.2% -0.6%
Christian Unspecified 8,073 14,190 16,384 102.9% 4.6% 6.8% 7.2% 2.6%
Non-denominational Christian 194 2,489 8,032 4040.2% 0.1% 1.2% 3.5% 3.4%
Protestant - Unspecified 17,214 4,647 5,187 -69.9% 9.8% 2.2% 2.3% -7.5%
Evangelical/Born Again 546 1,088 2,154 294.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.9% 0.6%
Pentecostal/Charismatic 5,647 7,831 7,948 40.7% 3.2% 3.8% 3.5% 0.3%
Pentecostal - Unspecified 3,116 4,407 5,416 73.8% 1.8% 2.1% 2.4% 0.6%
Assemblies of God 617 1,105 810 31.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.0%
Church of God 590 943 663 12.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0%
Other Protestant Denominations 4,630 5,949 7,131 54.0% 2.6% 2.9% 3.1% 0.5%
Churches of Christ 1,769 2,593 1,921 8.6% 1.0% 1.2% 0.8% -0.2%
Jehovah's Witness 1,381 1,331 1,914 38.6% 0.8% 0.6% 0.8% 0.1%
Seventh-Day Adventist 668 724 938 40.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.0%
Mormon/Latter-Day Saints 2,487 2,697 3,158 27.0% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4% 0.0%
Total non-Christian religions 5,853 7,740 8,796 50.3% 3.3% 3.7% 3.9% 0.5%
Jewish 3,137 2,837 2,680 -14.6% 1.8% 1.4% 1.2% -0.6%
Eastern Religions 687 2,020 1,961 185.4% 0.4% 1.0% 0.9% 0.5%
Buddhist 404 1,082 1,189 194.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3%
Muslim 527 1,104 1,349 156.0% 0.3% 0.5% 0.6% 0.3%
New Religious Movements & Others 1,296 1,770 2,804 116.4% 0.7% 0.9% 1.2% 0.5%
None/ No religion, total 14,331 29,481 34,169 138.4% 8.2% 14.2% 15.0% 6.8%
Agnostic+Atheist 1,186 1,893 3,606 204.0% 0.7% 0.9% 1.6% 0.9%
Did Not Know/ Refused to reply 4,031 11,300 11,815 193.1% 2.3% 5.4% 5.2% 2.9%
[edit] Income
Main articles: Household income in the United States, Personal income in the United States, Affluence in the United States, and Income inequality in the United States

In 2006, the median household income in the United States was around $46,000. Household and personal income depends on variables such as race, number of income earners, educational attainment and marital status.
Median income levels
Households Persons, age 25 or older with earnings Household income by race
All households Dual earner
households Per household
member Males Females Both sexes Asian White,
non-hispanic Hispanic Black
$46,326 $67,348 $23,535 $39,403 $26,507 $32,140 $57,518 $48,977 $34,241 $30,134
Median personal income by educational attainment
Measure Some High School High school graduate Some college Associate's degree Bachelor's degree or higher Bachelor's degree Master's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree
Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings $20,321 $26,505 $31,054 $35,009 $49,303 $43,143 $52,390 $82,473 $70,853
Male, age 25+ w/ earnings $24,192 $32,085 $39,150 $42,382 $60,493 $52,265 $67,123 $100,000 $78,324
Female, age 25+ w/ earnings $15,073 $21,117 $25,185 $29,510 $40,483 $36,532 $45,730 $66,055 $54,666
Persons, age 25+, employed full-time $25,039 $31,539 $37,135 $40,588 $56,078 $50,944 $61,273 $100,000 $79,401
Household $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $73,446 $68,728 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830
Household income distribution
Bottom 10% Bottom 20% Bottom 25% Middle 33% Middle 20% Top 25% Top 20% Top 5% Top 1.5% Top 1%
$0 to $10,500 $0 to $18,500 $0 to $22,500 $30,000 to $62,500 $35,000 to $55,000 $77,500 and up $92,000 and up $167,000 and up $250,000 and up $350,000 and up
Source: US Census Bureau, 2006; income statistics for the year 2005
[edit] Social class
Main article: Social class in the United States

Social classes in the U.S. lack distinct boundaries and may overlap. The following table provides a summary of currently prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society:
Academic Class Models
Dennis Gilbert, 2002 William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005 Leonard Beeghley, 2004
Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics
Capitalist class (1%) Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common. Upper class 1% Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common. The super-rich (0.9%) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.
The Rich (5%) Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.
Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000
Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%) College educated workers with incomes considerably above-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.
Lower middle class (30%) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white collar. Lower middle class (32%) Semi-professionals and craftsman with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.
Working class (30%) Clerical and most blue collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.
Working class (32%) Clerical, pink and blue collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education. Working class
(ca. 40% - 45%) Blue collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.
Working poor (13%) Service, low-rung clerical and some blue collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.
Lower class (ca. 14% - 20%) Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.
Underclass (12%) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education. The poor (ca. 12%) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.

References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
1 The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Colins.


Demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[54]
[edit] Median age

* 36.7 years (2009 est.)

Age structure
A population pyramid that shows the age of the population by sex from 1950-2010.

(2009 est.)

* 0–14 years: 20.2%
(male 31,639,127/female 30,305,704)
* 15–64 years: 67.0%
(male 102,665,043/female 103,129,321)
* 65 years and over: 12.8%
(male 16,901,232/female 22,571,696)

Population growth rate

0.977% (2009 est.)

Birth rate

13.83 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Death rate

8.38 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Net migration rate

4.32 migrants/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Sex ratios

(2009 est.)

* at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
* under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
* 15−64 years: 1 male(s)/female
* 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
* total population: 0.97 male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate

(2009 est.)

* total population: 6.22 deaths/1,000 live births
* male: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births
* female: 5.51 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth

(2009 est.)

* total population: 78.11 years
* male: 75.65 years
* female: 80.69 years

Total fertility rate

* 2.05 children born/woman (2009 est.)

Unemployment rate

(2008[55])

* All workers: 5.8%
* Adult men: 6.1%
* Adult women: 5.4%
* White: 5.2%
* Black or African American: 10.1%
* Hispanic or Latino ethnicity: 7.6%
* Asians: 4.0%

(See also List of U.S. states by unemployment rate)
Nationality

* noun: American(s)
* adjective: American
Population projections

2008 US Census Bureau data

* 2010: 310,232,863
* 2020: 341,386,665
* 2030: 373,503,674
* 2040: 405,655,295
* 2050: 439,010,253

EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHY

Located in the North West European continental Asia - Europe, an area of 10,498,000 km 2 by 1 / 14 comprehensive land Earth, and by 1 / 4 area of Asia.

Geographical coordinates:

North Pole: nose Noockin 71o8 'B Xcandinavi Peninsula,

South Pole: 36o B Maroki Cape Peninsula Iberich

Pole line: 66o 12'D, after uranium in the northern ranges of the Lake of the Russian Federation.

Because the European position on the main domain in temperate 1 / 2 ex-North, only the coast and the northern islands in the welding zone domain.

Limit the Arctic north, west Atlantic; South bordering the Mediterranean, East Asia is separated from uranium by ranges, rivers, uranium, cable ca

European coast were cut much of the island and peninsula area more than 3,000,000 km2 (1 / 3 of the continent), facilitate the development of sea transport.

North: Arctic Ocean to the sea is dependent Baren and White Sea.

The West is the Atlantic continental shelf to the farm (100-250 m) extends into the coast of Britain, France, Holland, Denmark, Sweden ...and the narrow coast to the Gulf Iberich doo sale Bixcai 5098m deep, waves. On the continental shelf some islands and the sea side.
British Isles, the island of Ireland, Iceland island.
Between Britain and continental Europe is a sea strait Padocale Mangso with very narrow (31 km).

North Sea: limited by Britain, the islands Oocni, Setlen islands and the sea in northern Norway.

Located inland sea that separates the North Sea Bantich by selling doo Giutlen and Xcandinavi Peninsula.This la1 closed sea, salinity is very low (3.5% o), in many small island Bantich Sea and the Gulf (Gulf of Cambodian nuns, the Gulf of Finland), the bay near freezing during the winter.

Xcandinavi Peninsula is the largest peninsula in Europe, many TB coast Fio facilitate waterway, but the difficulty for traffic.

Hot Line North Atlantic sea heat coast of NW Europe, Norwegian Sea, the sea Baren.

Series Gronlen bring cold sea ice drifting down the coast of North America

The Nam Hai is DiaTrung, 37% o salinity and depth, relatively high temperatures.

DiaTrung Sea coast of Europe roundabout, many islands, peninsula and the sea side needs Apennin Peninsula, Bancang peninsula, Asia Minor peninsula, Tirene marine sea. Adriatique, Adriatique, Egie sea through the North Sea by the Strait and the Strait Boxpho Dacdanen, this is a sea strait between two Macmara long and narrow. Inside the Black Sea has Adop sea.Between the sea has many islands need Xixin island, island Xacdina, cord islands, island Cret.

Mediterranean through the Strait Gibranta Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and Red Sea canal Xuye, as the sea and international importance.
Europe SE Asia which is adjacent to the sea Caxpi.

a pre-commitment
Continental Europe, including one called the Russian Craton, also known as the Eastern Europe, Russia occupied the whole plain, and most current Xcandinavi Peninsula and the North Atlantic continent.

b-Paleozoic
Caledonian Cycle: massif forming the edges of continental Europe as Phran Ioxip soil, clay, wool, Ireland, western England.

Xi ni hectares cycle: creating mountains and medium high land of central Europe stretching from Ireland to England via France to Czechoslovakia.

c-Mesozoic and the Tertiary
Alps Mobility paint to appear young mountainous Southern Europe with the direction T - E Pirene sequences include, Alps, Cacpat, Bancang Peninsula to Asia Minor and serial child with Mountain West Asia.North Atlantic Continental broken Mangso sea and created the British Isles.

Attached is folded and broken volcanic activity in Ireland, Iceland, the islands Setlen, Xcandinavi peninsula and especially in Southern Europe.

Proceedings impact of Quaternary ice has left many lakes and glacier moraine hill ranges in North Europe.

Affected by erosion is very strong, particularly the Nordic countries due to the ice surface of the continent should be cut a lot.

2/3 area of plains and low land stretching 200 meters, relatively flat, mainly in the east.

Third area is mountainous and central highlands of tup in the West, mostly low mountains towards the T-E and BN.
b-domain The terrain of Eastern Europe and Western Europe:

There are many patients run a high land interspersed with the low lands, the highest plateau of TB domain is Russia on the Kola Peninsula and lower toward the SE with the immediate Caxpi (_28m).

TB plains are hills area with thousands of lakes ice ice.

SE plains have many grooves and slots river valley

Topography of Western Europe: is complicated.

Northeastern Circuit Western Europe and the old mountain

Poland and the northern plains of Germany is a low hilly plains terrain vague high ripple 30m - 100m, coastal dunes is the outermost rim strip down and get the salt water lagoon. Miền này đang từ từ hạ xuống ( mỗi thế kỷ khoảng 10 cm ). This domain is slowly lowered (approximately 10 cm per century).

North West European region including Xcandinavi Peninsula, the North and Middle English, Irish terrain being cut by river valleys, the deep gulf kiou FiO borders. The terrain types are common glacial terrain, the mountains form errors, the three dan plateau.

Peninsula Xcandinavi mountain and plateau concentration in the West & TB, the highest mountain west (2469 m) slopes to the west were divided cut by the system FiO & River valley, east is the Great Plains each lower level down Botni Bay, south of the plateau south of Finland and Sweden with glacial lakes and moraine hills strip.

Mountainous Hecxini old (south-east by Poland and North Germany, including the massif has an average elevation: the mountainous south England, volume Zhongshan, China Germany, Czechoslovakia, between the massif is the plateau or basin.

Children located in the mountainous Southern Alps stretching from Europe, including the T-E T-E range direction and the direction arcs have sharp rugged peaks higher than 4500m slashing snow all year round.Between the high mountains, the plains and low mountains first: the plain medium and Da river downstream nuyp, plain S.Po.

Mountainous ranges of the Alps:

Alps Mountains: European bulky highest bending into arcs from the Mediterranean coast to threaten Switzerland with main directions of the highest E / T-tops Baishan (4810m) year-round snow, Alps has many deep valleys, several low passes should not obstruct traffic.

Sequence and the sequence Cacpat Bancang (extension to the east of the Alps range)

Bending the arc sequence Cacpat back turned to the east central plains embrace the highland Basin Danuyp Tranxinvanie 1500 km long 150 km wide high equipment from 1500 to 2000 m peak on the massif You Look 2663.


The sequence is also bent into arcs Bancang embrace Danuyp river downstream plains, the highest peak 2.925m.

Alps extend south to form mountains Iberich Peninsula, Peninsula and Peninsula Bancang Apennin.The peninsula is largely mountainous, plains account for only a small area of narrow, widely distributed in the limestone blocks.

Range 450 km long high Pirene average from 1500 to 2000 m at the French border. Spain - the most dangerous mountains in Europe.

Sequence length on sale Apennin daoApennin to the Mediterranean 1500-2000m high average relative complex terrain: central coast Adriatich Apennin many blocks and limestone Karst topography forms the southern shore Tirene shale hills are interspersed with blocks of limestone. Also along the coast is the ancient form and modern volcano (1277m Vesuvio volcano is about to re-spray 100nam a time).

Bancang peninsula along the coast ranges Adriatich PINDO and branches on the peninsula formed PeloponeXo folded limestone mountains interspersed with sandstone mountains third highest average of 2000-2500m, many types of difficult terrain Karst travel.

iii. Khoáng Sản Mineral
Rich, many mines have large reserves of food in the world, mostly concentrated in the mountainous and plain old Russia, most are coal, iron, oil and gas.

Coal: there are many in Britain, France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Russia

Iron: Focusing primarily on Eastern Europe in the area Krivoi-Roc (CH Ukraine), Cuocxoco (Russia) is the largest iron mines in the world.On the peninsula Iberich, Xcandinavi, Crum also had multiple areas of good iron mines.

OIL: In eastern and southern range-pat (Poland-Romania) East side of Cap-shift sequence (Russia).Vonga and Uran region is one where a lot of oil in the world. Southern Uranium has more iron and other metals.

There is also the peninsula Xcandinavi, chromium Bancang peninsula, most metal ores Iberich peninsula.

CLIMATE
i.Overview of the European Climate
Mostly temperate, but the influence of the sea, terrain, Western Europe is temperate oceanic warm, peaceful ...to the east as climate as continents move properties. Eastern Europe is temperate continental climate: hot and frozen down, but not harsh like other continents.

ii.The climatic factors
a-Temperature
January: The heat level line running almost parallel to the direction of longitude (BN)

T +5 oC street level along the coast of England and France.

Take along the border east of mainland Australia are road-15oC temperature.So as to lower the temperature of the East.If you take the road to equality 5oC thermal-boundary region of cold winters, most Eastern European domain land is bitterly cold winter temperatures below-5oC, Western Europe is on-5oC temperature, in which 1 / 2 area with temperatures above 0 ° C, the temperature domain of the temperate ocean. It is the result of wind and temperate western North Atlantic ocean current.

July: The road running towards equality tropical latitudes (E-T), temperature decreases from south to north.+10 OC nhiett College Road runs along the Arctic coast almost identical to the North Pole region. Hầu hết lục địa Châu Âu có nhiệt độ trên 10oC. Most of continental Europe have a temperature above 10oC.Continental Europe in this period is a relatively hot summer.According to the convention if heat from street level to +20 oC boundary hot summer areas, the area south ½ & SE is hot summer and longer, moving SE toward higher temperatures.

In general, the distribution of temperatures in January and July of Europe has also shown a part of its nature and climate: An example

to tb thang \thanh pho equipment to lift bar cheese
Pari Paris
Praha Prague
Kiép Kiep
Vongagrat Vongagrat

Tháng 7 July

Tháng 1 January

Biên độ Amplitude
18o 18o

2 2

16 16
19o 19o

-2 -2

21 21
19o 19o

-6 -6

25 25
14o 14o

-10 -10

34 34

The temperature distribution in January and July in the table above shows that in Western Europe is not very cold in winter, cool summer, small amplitude, as to Eastern Europe, became the hot summer, cold winters to many , large amplitude.

* Air pressure and wind
Jan.: Winter in the far north ½ Xibia pressure covering the eastern and southern Europe are bonded to A-XO pressure off the Atlantic.At the same time, Iceland is also developing low pressure covers the entire NW European domain.Between these two pressure zones formed FP - where the generation of vortex shifted towards TN - DB. Wind mainly in Western Europe is the wind and the Southwest, carrying more water vapor, cold, overcast sky, there to bring rain and cold fog.SE domain wind cold dry South and Southeast Asia from blowing through the continent.

July: Summer in the far north ½ a low pressure area covering central Europe.Icelandic ocean low pressure smaller, high pressure A-spring development and a little north to cover both the Central and Southern Europe.
Wind mainly in Western Europe and northwest winds that carry rain clouds and deep into the continent as dry as. Miền Nam Âu chủ yếu là gió Đông và Đông Bắc. South Eastern Europe mainly wind and Northeast.

c.Rain
P is relatively abundant from 500-1000 mm, 1/2 area of Europe where rainfall is at or above 1000 mm, rainfall decreases from E/T to calculate the variation depends on the temperate west wind.

Most rain Southern Atlantic coastal western Norway, England, the west side of Pirenee, Alps, the average rainfall is 2000 mm.The high place of purchase hon 3000-4000 mm (West temperate breezes).

The sea as far away Cacpat, Bancang, Secondary purchase of paint is also pretty high on the 1000 mm distributed evenly throughout the year.

Russia plateau from 500-600 mm of rainfall mainly in summer, buy the smallest amount in SE Russia and plains lowland mieon access Caxpi 160 mm - 250 mm (mainly because this domain is located in the South Asian high pressure European wind dry South and Southeast Asia from blowing through the continent.

These zones such as east winds hindered Xcandinavi Peninsula, far north Iberich and Europe as well rain P: 300-500 mm / year.

iii.The regional climate

a-polar region and sub-polar climate

Short cool summer, sun and rain cloud always has a small, small amount of buying an average 300-500 mm / year, year-round low temperature, low humidity most of the land, turned into swamps.



b.Southern temperate oceanic and temperate continental

Temperate marine:

A temperate oceanic climate typical warm winter, cool summer, average temperatures usually above 0 ° C in January.rain more and rain throughout the year, more than 2000 mm, the snow only in a time ngan.O Ireland in January average temperature: +5 oC in July: +15 oC, grassland husbandry development.

In inland eastern countries like France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland ...Nature of the continent increased, so have intermediate climate, not too cold but not as coastal temperate Western Europe, the amplitude increases from west to east.

January Amplitude

Berlin 19o 0o 19o Cable Holder Cap lin 0o 19o 19o

Vacsave 19o -4o 23o Vac-sa and 19o 23o 4o

Purchase amount is gradually reduced, proper development of temperate forests.

Temperate continental climate:

Land consists mostly of Eastern Europe - cold winters, hot summer, more to the extreme east of nature as manifested clearly.Temperature amplitude is very large, o Cthang 7:19 Moscow May 1:-10oC, P also decreases from west to east.

Winter is very cold and long, sometimes cold air waves tuphuong North came down, severe cold weather, night temperatures from-20oC, - 30oC ....

Summer is hot dry plains in southeast Russia, a strong influence to agricultural production.

Including southern Europe, fierce summer heat, dry, warm and wet winter. Temperatures above 0 ° C coldest month.
January temperatures average 50 to 10oC, the temperature in July: 25 ° C, average rainfall: 500 mm / year, mainly in winter
Suitable for growing grapes, citrus, olive.

- Many rivers, most rivers are relatively small.
- Due to topography, climate, both Eastern Europe and Western Europe have so many different characters density, length and mode of rivers in each domain is different.

ii.Eastern European rivers
South Eastern Europe accounts for a large area (2 / 3 of the continent), low topography, flat run towards patients, there are 1300 km long river - 3500 km, little river rapids.The river originated from the high lands (170 m - 200 m), the river freezes in winter, big floods in the spring, the lowest water level in summer.

The river is relatively large:

Petchora River, Northern Dvina River flows into the Arctic Ocean.

Western Dvina River flows into the sea Bantich.

Application river, flowing in Adop Doniep and Black Sea.

Vonga river, flowing into Caxpi uranium.

The river is mostly connected by the canal system, should be of great value for transportation, from the Mediterranean to the area, from Caxpi to the White Sea or the area.

Most important is Europe's longest river Vonga 3600 km, direction mainly TD. Average discharge downstream is 8.000m3 / s now has a series of hydroelectric dams built on rivers Vonga (Goocki 500,000 kw), Sebo Xari 1 MKw, MKw Cubisep 2).Also Vonga river has abundant fishery resources.The river has many large cities Vonga Calinin, Goocki, Ulianop, Vongagrat.

iii.Western Rivers
Compared to Eastern Europe, Western Europe warm, rainfall is more plentiful so dense network of rivers, most of the small river.

Pour into the Atlantic Ocean: Odo river, river Enbo, Raino river, the river Loa, Garon river, the river year around this river Add more water, water conditioning preparations.

Fill out the Mediterranean: the river Ebro, Ron River, Po River, river Tibro Municipality.These waves are erratic water processing, water levels highest in winter and lowest in summer.

Middle and downstream sections of rivers in Western Europe is of great value for transportation: river Danuyp, Raino rivers, and rivers of England, France and Germany are very important waterways in the interiorUpper part of the Alps mountain, Xcandinan Peninsula, is of great value to hydro power.

Danuyp 2850 km long river, originating from the eastern slopes of the Black Forest mountains above 1100 m elevation, flows South East vahuong then poured into the Black Sea

In the upstream nature of the Alps mountain river, the river has a maximum flow in spring by melting snow, through the alley after the forest regions Boheme, less steep river, flowing and spreading crooked into several large branches on the central plains and river downstream Danuyyp.Section downstream, the river water is often less in summer due to strong evaporation, this section also receives many tributaries from the Alps, Cacpat, Bancang reaches, the river bottom in a lovely bay that it has enriched the old line sa.

This is the river is of great importance in the communications between muoc Central and Eastern Europe (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria).

On the circuit Alps also have some big lakes formed by fractured phenomenon combined with the effects of lake ice as Gonevo, Congtang, Léman,these families is of great value for transportation, fishing and resorts of Europe.

5.Those natural landscape
European domain in temperate and rainfall should, animals and nature in this domain rich domain than the same latitude.More to the east, rainfall decreases vegetation provides less mobile.Temperate forests in general constitute the majority of the area, and steppe and semi desert occupies a narrow range in the Southeast.

i.Greater resources
3% of the area occupied Europe, including the islands north coast of the Arctic domain.Cold climate, long winters, very short summer, the temperature in July did not exceed 10oC, with thick snow cover, land into marshes, so that plants only mosses and lichens.South of the plant is dwarf birch, willow, dwarf polar domain, summer is short but very fast grass of some kind of colorful, raw as live radio again.

Animals have all kinds of weasels, sea elephants, polar bears ... Summer there are many types of migratory birds to live like geese, ducks ... have been exploring this region, rather raw scene dMyi stations each day.

ii Domain coniferous forest (Taiga)
Development on a very large area stretching from the peninsula to Xcandinavi uranium, from south to 55oB original radio domain, very cold winters, hot water falling down quite a lot, conifers thrive, typical is the type of information, parts, pressing.Southern broadleaf trees appear as style, Bo ... Podon land mainly poor soil humus, with high acidity.

Animals have all kinds of hair thick and beautiful like squirrels, brown bears, some retired temperate deer. Rừng và đầm lầy có nhiều loài chim. Forests and wetlands have many birds.This domain has become the domain discovery and industrial wood and timber processing of European importance.

iii.Southern mixed forest and broadleaf fores

Occupying the largest area, including most of Western Europe's land and a part of Eastern Europe, stretching from west to east, more and more to narrow east and south ends of the range of uranium, north to 60oB, the Cacpat and ranges as far south Mediterranean domain.Warm winter, hot summer, rainfall, vegetation is conifer and broadleaf mixed as information grows, parts, pressing, oak, rags, Bo ....

CHANGE Atlantic coast is temperate oceanic climate typical vegetation types are mainly oak, rags and other broadleaf trees green year round.More to the eastern continental rise, the type of birch and thrive.Land is mainly brown forest soil and soil chemical Pot Glay brittle.

This domain has been thoroughly explore, become a field of wheat, sugar beets large. Forests remain only on the high slopes, has virtually extinct only a few species such as bears, wolves, ...the cattle, sheep and very convenient.

iv.Domain forest steppe and steppe

In the South East European continental arid climate, low rainfall, evaporation much. Vegetation is mainly grasses and sparse woods.Moisture over northern high and thick grass, trees grow in forests, the southern more arid climate, sparse grass.Animals are rodents, such as hares, mouse jumping and many birds (flamingo, cauldrons, cranes, multi, flute ...).

This domain is Tsecnodiom fertile black soil, so most of the area has been turned into fields of wheat and maize, in addition we also grow sunflower, sugar beet and fruit trees.

v.Southern tropical dry access

About 11% of European area, including the coastal ranges of the peninsula of land Iberich, Apennin, Bancang Dio and some islands in the Mediterranean.Plants, including trees and evergreen leaves in winter as deciduous oaks, rags, informed ... Common land is subtropical dry forest brown soil.Animals relatively abundant in the royal forests, wolves, porcupines, hares ...Southern Peninsula Iberich more like North African monkeys, birds and many reptiles.

Due to the climate, people have turned the place was well watered the olive tree forests and fertile vineyards.

vi.South 1 / 2 desert and desert

Development in the extreme eastern South East Europe, in the low lands close Caxpi very dry climate.P: 300 mm / year, almost no rivers.Sparse vegetation, many trees and thorns grow pomegranate trees as he is, cactus, ...Animals have many varieties of animals including steppe rodents such as hares, rodents, reptiles such as lizards, snakes, tortoise ...

vii.Mountainous

Plants and animals change with altitude, the subtropical foothills domain is for vineyards and lush gardens, on mountain slopes from 800m - 1800m domain is coniferous forests, from 1800m upwards, sparse vegetation gradually, the trees and grass instead of forests.Domain also has many flower meadows, beautiful colors, higher than the barren land, permanent ice and snow over 3000m cuu.Many things alpine animals like deer, antelope, eagles, lizards.Coniferous forest domain gray bear, bird forests, most versatile, open-type bird. This domain has many beautiful landscapes and tourist resorts.

Disaster

A disaster is the tragedy of a natural or human-made hazard (a hazard is a situation which poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment) that negatively affects society or environment.

In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of hazards and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability are not considered a disaster, as is the case in uninhabited regions.[1]

Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.[2]

A disaster can be defined as any tragic event with great loss stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions.
Etymology

The word derives from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Greek pejorative prefix δυσ-, (dus-) "bad"[3] + ἀστήρ (aster), "star".[4] The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological theme in which the ancients used to refer to the destruction or deconstruction of a star as a disaster.
[edit] Classification

For more than a century researchers have been studying disasters and for more than forty years disaster research has been institutionalized through the Disaster Research Center. The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures.[5] Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.
[edit] Natural disaster
Main article: Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard (e.g., volcanic eruption or earthquake) affects humans. Human vulnerability, caused by the lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g., strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas.
[edit] Man-made disaster

Disasters caused by human action, negligence, error, or involving the failure of a system are called man-made disasters. Man-made disasters are in turn categorized as technological or sociological. Technological disasters are the results of failure of technology, such as engineering failures, transport disasters, or environmental disasters. Sociological disasters have a strong human motive, such as criminal acts, stampedes, riots and war.
[edit] Disaster management
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (April November 2009)
Main article: Disaster management

With the tropical climate and unstable landforms, coupled with high population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of adequate infrastructure,[citation needed] India is one of the most vulnerable developing countries to suffer very often from various natural disasters,[citation needed] namely drought, flood, cyclone, earth quake, landslide, forest fire, hail storm, locust, volcanic eruption, etc. Which strike causing a devastating impact on human life, economy and environment. Though it is almost impossible to fully recoup the damage caused by the disasters, it is possible to (i) minimize the potential risks by developing early warning strategies (ii) prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters (iii) mobilize resources including communication and telemedicinal services, and (iv) to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reconstruction. Space technology plays a crucial role in efficient mitigation of disasters. While communication satellites help in disaster warning, relief mobilization and tele-medicinal support, earth observation satellites provide required database for pre-disaster preparedness programmes, disaster response, monitoring activities and post-disaster damage assessment, and reconstruction, and rehabilitation. The article describes the role of space technology in evolving a suitable strategy for disaster preparedness and operational framework for their monitoring, assessment and mitigation, identifies gap areas and recommends appropriate strategies for disaster mitigation vis-à-vis likely developments in space and ground segments.

Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions, flood and cyclones are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. The rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environment[citation needed] has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas mere vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters.[citation needed] Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disaster.[citation needed]

Among various natural hazards, earthquakes, landslides, floods and cyclones are the major disasters adversely affecting very large areas and population in the Indian sub-continent.[citation needed] These natural disasters are of (i) geophysical origin such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land slides and (ii) climatic origin such as drought, flood, cyclone, locust, forest fire. Though it may not be possible to control nature and to stop the development of natural phenomena but the efforts could be made to avoid disasters and alleviate their effects on human lives, infrastructure and property. Rising frequency, amplitude and number of natural disasters and attendant problem coupled with loss of human lives prompted the General Assembly of the United Nations to proclaim 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) through a resolution 44/236 of December 22, 1989 to focus on all issues related to natural disaster reduction. In spite of IDNDR, there had been a string of major disaster throughout the decade. Nevertheless, by establishing the rich disaster management related traditions and by spreading public awareness the IDNDR provided required stimulus for disaster reduction. It is almost impossible to prevent the occurrence of natural disasters and their damages.[citation needed]

However, it is possible to reduce the impact of disasters by adopting suitable disaster mitigation strategies. The disaster mitigation works mainly address the following:

* minimise the potential risks by developing disaster early warning strategies
* prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters,
* mobilise resources including communication and tele-medicinal services
* to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction.[citation needed]

Disaster management on the other hand involves

* pre-disaster planning, preparedness, monitoring including relief management capability
* prediction and early warning
* damage assessment and relief management.

Disaster reduction is a systematic work which involves with different regions, different professions and different scientific fields, and has become an important measure for human, society and nature sustainable development.[citation needed]
[edit] Management
Main articles: Emergency management and Business continuity planning

The local communities at the time of disaster or before the disaster make groups for helping the people from suffering during the disaster. These groups include, First Aid group, Health group, Food and Welfare group etc. They all are well trained by some local community members. All the groups are sent for helping any other local community that is suffering from a disaster. They also migrate the people from the area affected from disaster to some other safe regions. They are given shelter and every possible facilities by those local management communities. Today, Government is also making effort to provide good facilities during the disaster. In India, in the rural areas, the community(group of families) are choosing a leader and developing their Disaster management skills to protect themselves and other local communities as well.